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AP Biology – Introduction to Cells

 

Origin of Life on Earth

 

  1. What is the scientific explanation for the origin of our solar system?

 

 

  1. How did the Earth form?  When ( in bya or mya )

 

 

  1. How did life originate from non-life in the primeval ocean ?

 

 

  1. What were the conditions on the early earth?

 

 

  1. What was the earth’s early atmosphere?

 

 

 

  1. Describe Stanley Miller’s experiments.

 

 

 

  1. Explain why RNA probably evolved prior to DNA

 

 

 

  1. Attempts were made to produce cells.  Describe microspheres and coacervates.

 

 

 

  1. Describe the appearance of the first cells on earth?

 

 

 

 

  1. Where did Carl Stedder travel to obtain cells similar to those on the earth at its inception?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Orange these cells in order of their appearance on earth( explain the characteristics of each

 

Eubacteria

Aerobic chemoheterotrophs                

Anaerobic chemoautotrophs

Anaerobic chemoheterotrophs( fermenters)

Photoautotrophs( Cyanobacteria)

Photoautotrophs( purple sulfur)

 

Archaebacteria( hyperthermophiles, methanogens, halophiles)

 

 

  1. What is the significance of banded iron deposits in the earth’s rock record?

 

 

 

  1. What are stromatolites?

 

 

History of Life on Earth

 

  1. What are the six Geologic Periods on Earth?

 

 

  1. The Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic all comprise this Geologic Age.

 

 

  1. Describe the conditions on earth in the Hadean.

 

 

  1. Why did the first cells begin to appear at the end of the Hadean and the beginning of the Archean?

 

 

  1. When did the Cyanobacteria appear ?

 

 

  1. When was the level of oxygen able to support aerobic cellular life?

 

 

  1. Throughout the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic extinctions occurred?  What were some of the causes of these events?

 

 

  1. Bacteria have been present since the beginning of the Archaean.  What accounts for their success?

 

 

 

The Prokaryote Cell-Bacteria and Archaea.  The Prokaryote Domains.

 

Domains – Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

 

Prokaryote Cells.

 

Be able to identify the parts of the prokaryote cells.

Capsule

Cell wall

Cell membrane

Flagellum

Fimbriae

Ribosomes

Mesosomes

Plasmids

 

Cyanobacteria

 

Thylakoids ( chromaphores )

Chlorophyll- Cyanobacteria

Bacteriochlorophyll

Bacteriorhodopsin

 

Bacterial Cell Morphology

 

Bacillus

Coccobacillus

Vibrio

Coccus

Diplococcus

Streptococcus

Staphylococcus

Spirillum

Spirochetes

 

 

 

Specialized vocabulary

 

Motile

 

Non- motile

 

Peptidoglycans cell wall

 

Techoic acid

 

Lipopolysaccharide cell wall component

 

Periplasmic space

 

Gram Stain

 

Gram Positive

 

Gram Negative

 

Obligate aerobes

 

Obligate anaerobes

 

Facultative anaerobes

 

Capnophiles

 

Microaerophiles

 

Endospores

 

Vegetative cells

 

Pathogenic

 

Pathogens

 

Koch’s postulates

 

 

 

 

Endotoxins

 

 

Exotoxins

 

Beta hemolytic

 

Alpha hemolytic

 

 

Lecture- If you miss this lecture you will need to get notes from a classmate

 

Bacillus anthracis

 

Clostridium botulinum

 

Clostridium perfingens

 

Clostriidium tetani

 

Escherichia coli

 

Enteric bacteria

 

Shigella

 

Salmonella

 

Yersinia pestis

 

Staphylococcus aureus

 

Streptococcus epidermidis

 

Streptococcus pyogenes

 

Streptococcus mutans

 

Streptococcus pneumonia

 

Haemophilus influenza

 

Heliobacter pylori

 

Neisseria gonnorhea

 

Syphilus ( Treponema pallidum )

 

 

Extremophiles (from your information pack.  Fill out your chart)

 

Halophiles

 

Barophiles

 

Xerophiles

 

Psychrophiles

 

Hyperthermophles

 

Thermophiles

 

Methanogens