The Central Dogma

Links for Protein Synthesis

http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations/Protein%20Synthesis%20-%20long.html

http://tidepool.st.usm.edu/crswr/protsynthmov.html

DNA                   Replication           DNA       m RNA        Translation Protein

DNA - contains the genes for proteins and all RNA's

RNA polymerase is used to make all types of RNA.  Different polymerases are used for different DNA molecules

Exceptions to the Central Dogma

• Retroviruses

• RNA viruses

• Prions

• Telomeres

• Alus

• Regulatory genes

• Retrotransposons ( are not expressed)

• Ribozyme- catalytic RNA

• Snurps

• Prokaryote - operons

• Eukaryote genes( complex ) - Genes that make a polypeptide that is spliced into pieces.

From DNA to Protein

triplet code

triplet

base pair

auxotrophs

prototrophs

Beadle and Tatum - One gene - one enzyme hypothesis

RNA

RNA polymerase

m RNA

cap

tail

post transciptional processing\

Ribozyme

Snurps

Ribosome ( 60s and 40s)

P site

A site

t RNA

anti codon

promoter

TATA Box

codon

start codon

stop codon

introns

exons

degenerate

aminoacyl - t- RNA synthetses

peptidyl transferase

amino acids ( 20)

ATP

Polypeptide chain

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

Post translational processing

Release factor

Initiation Factor

Mutations

Point mutations

Silent mutations

Chromosomal mutations

Frame shift mutations

Insertions/Deletions

Mutagens

Carcinogens

Nonsense mutations