European History and Culture

European History and Culture
Honors World Cultures

Part of European Unit / Honors World Cultures - grade 12
Cherokee High School, Marlton, NJ 08053 / CAP Burlington County College
Mrs. K. Stokes KHStokes@aol.com
Index of Lessons - list of other on-line lessons for World Cultures
created: 1/29/07
Revised: 02/11/2009 11:46:18 AM

Student goals
*** To know the sequence of historical eras in European history and describe the key events in each era starting with the Renaissance to the Modern Era.
*** To be able to identify and describe an art style, and place it in the correct historical time period.
*** To be able to identify the key people in European history by era and contributions, for example: King Louis XIV was king of France during the Baroque Era.

Readings
Human Expression: World Regions and Cultures, Dr. Paul Welty, Glencoe, Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, 1989.
Western Civilization: images and Interpretations, Edited by Dennis Sherman, Alfred A. Knopf, NY, 1987.
Additional handouts.

The Classical Era (600BC - 400AD)

Greeks
As early as 200 BC there were advanced civilizations on the islands in the Aegean Sea .

Ancient Greece - important cities and states

Greece was divided into city-states called “polis” (politics). They placed their public building on hills called an acropolis.
They held athletic games (Olympic) in honor Zeus every 4 years.

Athens – democracy / had a written code of laws by in the 600 BCs
Sparta – military
Slavery did exist.

Persian Wars – 6^th century BC Greece rebels against Persia (present day Iran) and wins

The Delian League or Athenian empire is formed. Athens develops a navy.

The Peloponnesian War, 431-413 B.C. – Sparta goes to war against the growing power of Athens . Sparta wins and Athens loses its navy and colonies. Sparta can not unite the city-states.

The Golden Age of Greece
Alexander the Great(356-323) - Alexander III, king of Macedonia would be known as Alexander the Great. He came to the throne on the throne in October 336 BCE at the age 20 after his father’s assassination. He would soon destroy the Persian empire and cover all the territories of the ancient world, as far as India.

Alexander defeating the Persians

Gods and goddess – chart and description
Art and architecture - columns

Winged Victory of Samothrace, c. 190 BC, Louvre

Roman Republic , 509-31BC
The government was headed by consuls elected by the senate which was appointed for life. There were two classes the Patricians or wealthy landowners and the common citizens plus slaves. Based on a system of laws.

Punic Wars -a series of 3 wars which added to the growth and power of Rome .

JULIUS CAESAR (102?-44) was assassinated by several members of the Roman Senate on the Ides of March (3/15). This was just one month after he had declared himself dictator. There was a power struggle. Octavian states his supreme powers before the senate and takes the title Augustus Caesar. The Pax Romana followed; a period of 200 years of peace.

Art and architecture
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/greek_arch.html - columns (Boston College)
The dome
The arch
Roads

The arch of Titus commemorates Titus' conquest of Judea which Aqueducts
ended the Jewish Wars (66-70).

Augustus of Primaporta (Vatican)

The fall of Rome – What caused it?

Byzantine Empire (400AD - 1400AD)
Second Roman Empire

Byzantine Empire: Location, contributions, rise and fall Byzantine Empire information

Constantine moves his capital to the peninsula in Eastern Europe in 330 AD to a city Byzantium which was a safer site. The city is renamed Constantinople, and it was Christian. He established the Doctrine of Petrine Supremacy. Citizenship was denied to non-Christians.

The empire was conquered by the Ottoman Empire which grew to include 14 million subjects by 1600.

Medieval Era (400AD-1450AD)

Charlemagne - Crown king of by the pope on Christmas Day 800 CE

Feudalism and Manorialism
Feudalism was a system where loyalty was promised for protection.
Manorialism was the economic system. The self-contained unit held by a lord was called a manor. It would contain hundreds of farms, a manor house or castle, a church, and other necessary buildings.

The Roman Catholic Church -more powerful than the state
Monastic Life - Religious centers of prayer, learning, travel, commence.
The Church is omnipresent
ST. BENEDICT (c.480-c.543) and the Benedictine Rule

Crusades
Urban II promulgated the Crusades in 1096 to reconquer the Muslim ruled Holy Lands. There were 9 crusades over a period of 200 years.
Who joined and why?
Motives – religious and/or economic

Universities

	theology based

	many connected to a cathedral such as Chartres, Orleans, and Reims
	other were established such as Oxford and Cambridge
	most teachers were clergy

Black Death - site with links and maps
** The first ship of death arrive in Italy in October 1347

Art and Architecture

** castles were cold, dark, and built for defense.

Castles were designed for protection - parts of a castle

Leaf from a Royal Manuscript, with Scenes from the Life of
Saint Francis, ca. 1320–1342; Metropolitian Museum of Art

Illuminated Manuscript

Stained Glass Windows

Cathedrals

Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris

Renaissance and the Reformation
(1450AD - 1600AD)

Reformation

	Luther (Reading: Human Expression - page 607-8)
	Calvin (Reading: Human Expression - page 608-9)
	Henry VIII and Tudor England (READING: Human Expression - page 609)
	Catholic Reformation - response to the protestant movement

Exploration, and the Age of Discovery

Timeline of European

Colonialism

Slave Trade

Ottobah Cugoano, Narrative of the Enslavement of a Native of Africa (1787)

I was early snatched away from my native country, with about eighteen or twenty more boys and girls, as we were playing in a field. We lived but a few days' journey from the coast where we were kidnapped, and consigned to Grenada . Some of us attempted, in vain, to run away, but pistols and cutlasses were soon introduced, threatening, that if we offered to stir, we should all lie dead on the spot.

We were soon led out of the way which we knew, and towards evening, as we came in sight of a town. I was soon conducted to a prison, for three days, where I heard the groans and cries of many, and saw some of my fellow-captives. But when a vessel arrived to conduct us away to the ship, it was a most horrible scene; there was nothing to be heard but the rattling of chains, smacking of whips, and the groans and cries of our fellow-men. Some would not stir from the ground, when they were lashed and beat in the most horrible manner.

Witchcraft - READING: Human Expression page 613-4

Art and Architecture - powerpoint

Baroque (1600AD - 1700AD)

"The divine right of kings" or "absolute monarchs"

England - The Stuarts - READING: Human Expression page 628-32

	Oliver Cromwell
	the Puritan Revolution
	the Restoration
	the Glorious Revolution ** Bill of Rights - Rights of citizens and a constitutional monarchy

France - The Bourbons - READING: Human Expression page 626-8

Louis XIV and Versailles

Art and architecture

Palace of Versailles

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment (1650 - 1800AD)

Science

	Copernicus

	Galileo Galilei READING: - Letter to Christina of Tuscany, Galileo (Sherman 339 or 378): Papal Inquisition, Galileo (Sherman 340 or 379)
	Decartes (1596-1650)
	Newton READING: - Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Newton (Sherman 341 or 380)

Philosophers

	John Locke 1632-1704 Reading: - excerpt - Second Treatise on Government, John Locke - handout
	Jean Jacque Rousseau
	Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) 1694-1778

Age of Revolution and Napoleonic Era 1770- 1848

The Storming of the Bastille

The French Revolution - July 14, 1789
READING: The Human Expression (page 645-649)

	discontent with the 3 estates system
	storming of the Bastille
	creation of the national Assembly and the writing of a constitution
	Legislative Assembly elected
	king and queen executed
	Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror
	the Directory
	Napoleon

Napoleons rise and fall - READING: The Human Expression (page 650-651)

Art and Architecture

The Romanticism developed - A style in art, music and literature where the feelings and imagination of the artist. Nature and mythology are frequent themes.

Beethoven - http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1mrth_copying-beethoven_music Copying Beethoven 9th Symphony

Napoleon at St. Bernard's 1800
Jacques-Louis David (French, 1748–1825)

Age or Nationalism, New Imperialism, and
Industrial Revolution (1750AD - 1914AD)

Technology, science, factories, urbanization
working conditions and reform
Laissez-Faire Capitalism vs. Socialism
READING: Human Expression page 665

Karl Marx
READING: excerpt from Communist Manifesto - handout
READING: Human Expression page 667-8

Darwin - READING: Human Expression page 669

Freud - READING: Human Expression page 672

The new imperialism and Social Darwinism
READING: Human Expression page 669
READING: Human Expression page 685-6

Art, photography, architecture, and literature
Art – Impressionism and Post-Impressionism and Abstract
    Impressionism   - http://www.artcyclopedia.com/history/impressionism.html
    Post impressionism - http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/p/postimp.html

The 20th and 21st Centuries

The Arms Race - Germany had the strongest army; Britain had the strongest navy
Military Alliances
Russia in revolution
The Great War (1914-1918)
    **Casualties of WWI - (statistics vary) 9 million military deaths and about 6.6 million civilian deaths
    * Russian machine gun team *New types of warfare and equipment
    **Harsh terms
    **Seeds of the new war French gun crew wearing gas gear British "Whippets", 3rd Battalion, Tank Corps, Mar 1918

Rise of fascism
    **Italy - Mussolini
   **Spain - Franco
    **Germany - Hitler and Nazism

A new kind of War - World War II (1936-1945)
**Blitzkrieg
**Imprisonment and death of millions and the Holocaust

Unconditional surrender and the fall of the Third Reich
civilian toll was around 37 million, the military toll about 25 million

Creation of the United Nations (1945) and the end of colonial system

The Cold War
**Division of Germany

    **The Berlin Wall
    **NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization
    **Warsaw Pact (city of Poland)
    **Space Race
      **Competition over the Third World countries

Growth of socialism on Europe

Stronger economies in the west

The fall of the Berlin wall in 1989

The collapse of communism and the end of the Cold War

Maastrict Treaty 1993
READING: history of EU http://europa.eu/abc/history/index_en.htm

	European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) created by the Treaty of Paris 1951
	European Union
	Euro

Chunnel

Art and architecture

	changing shapes and meanings
	skyscrapers and new buildings

Centre National d'Art et Culture Georges Pompidou, Paris

Artist: Henri Matisse (1869-1954)
Fauvism
Matisse, claimed to “celebrate nature through color”.

Portrait of Ambrose Vollard, 1910
Analytical Cubism

Three Musicians, 1921
Artist: Pablo Picasso
(1881-1973)
Synthetic Cubism

Nude Descending the Stairs
Abstract art
Marcel Duchamp 1887-1868) French artist (became an American 1955)

The eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia in 1815 caused a year without summer and a red sky in eastern US, Europe, and Asia.

I was walking along a path with two friends—the sun was setting—suddenly the sky turned blood red—I paused, feeling exhausted, and leaned on the fence—there was blood and tongues of fire above the blue-black fjord and the city—my friends walked on, and I stood there trembling with anxiety—and I sensed an infinite scream passing through nature. Edvard Munch

The Sream, 1893
Edvard Munch (1863-1944)

Resources:
Maps of Europe through history: http://homepages.wmich.edu/~hega/PSCI340/ps340map.html
Panoramic views of architectural sites: http://www.learn.columbia.edu/ha/html/medieval.html

Art and architecture http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/greek_arch.html - columns (Boston College) The dome The arch Roads

Art and architecture
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/greek_arch.html - columns (Boston College)
The dome
The arch
Roads